Learning Objectives

• Recognise the impact of elevated temperature (cryptorchidism, varicocele) or infection (orchitis) on the testis and male infertility
• Know the major signs and symptoms of male hyper/hypogonadism
• Describe the different underlying causes associated with primary and secondary manifestations of hypogonadism

Elevated Testicular Temperature

• what are the testicular effects of elevated temperature?
• what are the 2 phases of normal testicular descent?
• what is cryptorchidism?
• how does prematurity $\uparrow$ the risk of cryptorchidism?
• how is cryptorchidism treated?
• how does cryptorchidism lead to infertility?
• what is varicocele?
• how does varicocele lead to infertility?

Hypogonadism

• describe the hormone profile of primary hypogonadism?
• what causes primary hypogonadism?
• how is primary hypogonadism treated?
• describe the hormone profile of secondary hypogonadism?
• what causes secondary hypogonadism?