Learning Objectives

• Name the major aspects involved in disease processes
• Outline the stages in the cellular response to stress and noxious stimuli
• Define, describe and use examples to illustrate the cellular growth adaptations that occur in response to stress, including hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy and metaplasia
• Outline the major hallmarks of reversible cell injury
• Contrast the characteristic features of apoptosis and necrosis
• List, with examples, the main causes of cell injury
• Describe the major cellular mechanisms responsible for mediating cell injury
• Define autophagy and describe the features of this process
• Describe the main factors responsible for cellular aging and cell senescence

Cell Injury & Death

• in early stages or mild forms, functional and morphologic changes are?
• with continuing damage, the injury becomes?
• what are 8 causes of cell injury?
• what are the 5 mechanisms of cell injury?
• cell death is a normal and essential process in [2 things]?
• what morphological alterations occur in dying/ dead cells?
• compare the features of necrosis vs apoptosis?

Necrosis