Learning Objectives

• Know how gluconeogenesis differs from glycolysis
• Know the enzymatic steps of gluconeogenesis and how it is regulated
• Know how fructose and galactose are enzymatically metabolised
• Know the pentose phosphate pathway to ribulose-5-phosphate (the sugar precursor for DNA)
• Know what the pentose phosphate products do for the cell, ie: NADPH, the reactions of glutathione to inactivate reactive oxygen species

Fructose & Galactose Metabolism

• what are the products of any monosaccharide catabolism?
• what are the steps of fructose metabolism?
• what are the steps of galactose metabolism?

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

• what are the products of the PPP?
• where in cells do these reactions occur?
• what are the steps of the oxidative phase?
• which steps are regulated?
• the ratio of NADPH to $\small\ce{NADP+}$ is kept [what]? why?
• what are the products of the non-oxidative phase? role?

Gluconeogenesis

• what precursors are used for gluconeogenesis?