Learning Objectives
- List the 8 hallmarks and the 2 enabling characteristics of cancer, and illustrate each with specific examples
- Describe the different molecular mechanisms and major mutations which enable cancer cells to sustain proliferative signalling
- Describe the different molecular mechanisms and major mutations which enable cancer cells to evade growth suppressors and resist cell death
- Explain the role of telomerase in enabling replicative immortality
- Describe the role of growth factors in promoting tumour angiogenesis
- Outline the processes involved, and provide examples of mutations which enable tumour cells to invade and metastasize
- Explain the alterations in energy metabolism that occur in cancer cells
- Describe how cancer cells are able to evade the host immune response
- Describe how inherited mutations in DNA repair proteins allow for genomic instability, and outline the stem cell theory of carcinogenesis
- Describe how chronic inflammation contributes to systemic symptoms of cancer and also promotes cancer progression
- Relate knowledge of the hallmarks to current and potential therapies for cancer
Hallmarks of Cancer
- what are the 6 hallmarks of cancer?
- what are the 2 emerging hallmarks?
- what are the 2 enabling characteristics?
- what HoCs does a TP53 LoF mutation enable?
Sustaining Proliferative Signalling
- what does ‘sustaining proliferative signalling’ mean?