Learning Objectives

• Describe the physiological role of insulin and the basic pathophysiology of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease (REVIEW)
• Describe the uses of insulin therapy in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients
• Compare the different formulations of insulin and outline how they are used in daily regimens
• Describe the mechanisms of action, major adverse effects, and precautions associated with metformin, sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues, and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors
• Outline the general approach to drug therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes
• Describe the mechanisms of action, main adverse effects, and precautions for thyroxine and and antithyroid drugs
• Describe the mechanisms of action, adverse effects and precautions for drugs used to directly increase done density in treat osteoporosis such as bisphosphonates and denosumab

Diabetes Mellitus

• describe the basic pathophysiology of T1DM?
• describe the pathophysiology of T2DM?
• what drug classes are used to treat DM?

Insulin

• administration?
• formulations?
• common regimen?
• why is insulin used in T1DM?
• why is insulin used in T2DM?

Biguanides (Metformin)